Results
Regeneration succession away from grassland to help you forest was with clear changes in the ground nutrient accessibility. Concentrations out of Milligrams, California, natural C and you can Letter more than doubled throughout succession, on the higher thinking within the young oak tree. Getting California, organic C and you may Letter, type inside attention was also higher during the FO weighed against unlock (GR) and you will partly overgrown grasslands (TR), suggesting higher spatial heterogeneity about distribution of those crushed nutrient when you look at the younger pine forests. Surface pH is high and you can K amount is low in the transitional grasslands. P amount is actually reasonable during the succession (Desk S3).
Variety richness (? range) away from both bush and Was fungal communities decreased significantly for the succession away from open grassland (GR) to help you FO (Table step 1). Rarefied Am fungal richness data revealed an identical successional models since the the fresh chatstep kvÃzy brutal studies (Fig. S4). NMDS ordination and you may PERMA yeast organizations differed one of successional degrees, with each other exposure–lack and you will relative variety analysis (Table step one). There’s significant variety return anywhere between every successional level (Dining table step 1). To possess types composition based on cousin abundances, bush groups demonstrated the fresh clearest successional distinction, accompanied by organizations of crushed Am fungi and you can means Are fungi (Fig. 1). If you are the three successional values differed out of each other in plant and you will soil In the morning yeast structure, brand new composition regarding options Are fungus are comparable in the first successional degrees (GR, TR), however, differed over the last successional stage (FO) (Table 1).
- Different letters indicate statistical differences between group means (P < 0.05) according to linear mixed-effect models (?-diversity, abundance) and PERMANOVA (species turnover, community composition). Values are given as mean ± SE. GR, open grassland; TR, transitional grassland; FO, young pine forest.
NMDS ordination revealed that patterns of compositional shifts in relation to soil conditions were strikingly similar for plant and AM fungal communities, with soil organic carbon (Corg), soil acidity (Ca, pH), soil N and Mg content being most strongly correlated with community composition of both symbiotic partners (Fig. 1). Soil P-content and K-content were the only soil parameters that did not correlate with root AM fungal composition, while soil P-content was the only parameter that did not correlate with plant community composition, probably reflecting low variation in P across successional stages (Table S3).
Covariation out of plant and In the morning fungal organizations
Total bush cover throughout the soil layer was stuffed with new first successional stages, which is, open and you will transitional grasslands (GR, TR), although it reduced somewhat on the tree stage (FO), they remained relatively highest (Dining table step one). Brand new development of successional shifts into the Are yeast variety, just like the mentioned of the Am yeast fatty acidic marker NLFA 16:1?5 concentration in the ground, was a little various other. NLFA 16:1?5 density basic improved inside the transitional grasslands (TR) and then diminished more for the FO (Table step one). So it trend try partially passionate because of the a couple of examples in transformation grasslands with such as higher NLFA 16:1?5 concentrations, although increase in transformation grasslands stayed extreme after omitting one another examples that have high opinions (Dining table step one).
Plant groups was in fact forb-controlled throughout succession (c. 60%); the fresh cousin wealth off legumes and sedges reduced, and therefore regarding grasses enhanced, once the series advanced (Dining table S4). Bush groups was basically controlled by Was plant life (> 85%), the new express of which improved throughout the sequence (as much as 95%). This new display regarding facultative Are vegetation improved during the series, since the cousin wealth out-of obligate Was vegetation earliest increased in the transitional grasslands right after which plants dominated in the 1st successional grade (GR, TR) (cousin wealth c. 50%), if you are facultative Have always been vegetation ruled about newest successional stage (FO) (cousin abundance c. 60%) (Table S4).
